Gestational diabetes
The 2025 ADIPS diagnostic thresholds and early testing, the evidence that treatment helps (ACHOIS, TOBOGM), diet, metformin and insulin, birth, and postpartum and lifelong diabetes screening.
Tier 1Condition
Written with AI assistance and fact-checked against the sources below. For exam study, not clinical decisions. How notes are made
At a glance
- Gestational diabetes (GDM) is hyperglycaemia first found in pregnancy, below the thresholds for overt diabetes in pregnancy. It affected roughly 15 to 20% of Australian births under the old criteria.
- ADIPS 2025 raised the diagnostic thresholds to fasting 5.3, 1 hour 10.6 and 2 hours 9.0 mmol/L on a 75 g OGTT. Fewer low-risk women will be diagnosed.
- Early HbA1c for women with risk factors, an early OGTT at 10 to 14 weeks for previous GDM or HbA1c 42 to 47 mmol/mol, and a universal OGTT at 24 to 28 weeks.
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Sources
- Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society (ADIPS) 2025 consensus recommendations for the screening, diagnosis and classification of gestational diabetesAU/NZSweeting A, Hare MJL, Jersey SJ, et al. Med J Aust 2025;223(3), 2025 (replaces the 2014 ADIPS criteria; adoption dates vary by state and laboratory)
- ADIPS 2026 consensus recommendations for GDM management, version 1 (draft for consultation, not for clinical use)AU/NZAustralasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society, March 2026 draft (final version not found, November 2026)
- Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026, section 15: Management of diabetes in pregnancyAmerican Diabetes Association (Diabetes Care 2026;49 Suppl 1:S321-S338), 2026
- Therapeutic Guidelines: Diabetes (gestational diabetes)AU/NZTherapeutic Guidelines Limited
- National Gestational Diabetes RegisterAU/NZNational Diabetes Services Scheme
- Treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed early in pregnancy (TOBOGM)AU/NZSimmons D et al. N Engl J Med 2023;388:2132-44, 2023
- Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes (ACHOIS)AU/NZCrowther CA et al. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2477-86, 2005
- Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes (HAPO)HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1991-2002, 2008
- Metformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes (MiG)AU/NZRowan JA et al. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2003-15, 2008
- Metformin in gestational diabetes: the offspring follow-up (MiG TOFU): body composition and metabolic outcomes at 7-9 years of ageRowan JA et al. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2018;6:e000456, 2018
- Early metformin in gestational diabetes: a randomized clinical trial (EMERGE)Dunne F et al. JAMA 2023;330:1547-56, 2023
- Last updated
- 14 November 2026
What changed
- 14 November 2026 Personal emails, About story and Australian-style copy