Cannabis and hallucinogens
Cannabinoid pharmacology, acute and chronic effects of cannabis including psychosis and hyperemesis, medicinal cannabis in Australia, and the hallucinogenic toxidrome from LSD, psilocybin, NBOMes, ketamine and deliriants.
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Written with AI assistance and fact-checked against the sources below. For exam study, not clinical decisions. How notes are made
At a glance
- Cannabis rarely causes life-threatening toxicity in adults. Its harms are psychosis, cannabis use disorder, cannabinoid hyperemesis, road trauma and harm to the developing brain and fetus.
- Synthetic cannabinoids behave like a different drug: seizures, arrhythmia, AKI and agitation.
- The hallucinogenic toxidrome is altered perception with largely preserved orientation. Severe sympathomimetic features, seizures or hyperthermia suggest an NBOMe, a stimulant, or serotonin toxicity.
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Sources
- Therapeutic Guidelines: Toxicology and Toxinology (December 2024 update)AU/NZTherapeutic Guidelines Limited, 2024
- Medicinal cannabis hubAU/NZTherapeutic Goods Administration, 2026
- Change to classification of psilocybin and MDMA to enable prescribing by authorised psychiatrists (effective 1 July 2023)AU/NZTherapeutic Goods Administration, 2023
- Lim ECN, Lim CED. Evolving health policy and regulatory oversight of medicinal cannabis in Australia: lessons for sustainable integration. J Cannabis Res 2026;8:31AU/NZJournal of Cannabis Research, 2026
- Di Forti M et al. The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI). Lancet Psychiatry 2019;6:427-36Lancet Psychiatry, 2019
- Rubio-Tapia A, McCallum R, Camilleri M. AGA clinical practice update on diagnosis and management of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: commentary. Gastroenterology 2024;166:930-4American Gastroenterological Association, 2024
- O'Brien J et al. Comparative effectiveness of haloperidol, droperidol, and ondansetron for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2026;33:e70436Academic Emergency Medicine, 2026
- Last updated
- 14 November 2026
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