Cerebral neoplasia
Metastases, gliomas, meningioma and primary CNS lymphoma; the WHO 2021 molecular classification, the ring-enhancing lesion, steroids, seizures and the trials behind glioma treatment.
Tier 1Condition
Written with AI assistance and fact-checked against the sources below. For exam study, not clinical decisions. How notes are made
At a glance
- Metastases outnumber primary brain tumours. Lung, breast and melanoma account for most.
- Glioblastoma is the commonest malignant primary and still kills most patients within 2 years. Meningioma is the commonest primary overall and is usually benign.
- The WHO 2021 (CNS5) classification is molecular first. IDH status, 1p/19q and a few markers decide the diagnosis and grade, not histology alone.
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Sources
- Optimal care pathway for people with high-grade gliomaAU/NZCancer Council Australia and Cancer Australia
- eviQ Cancer Treatments Online: neuro-oncology protocolsAU/NZCancer Institute NSW
- The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary (Louis DN et al. Neuro Oncol 2021;23(8):1231-1251)Neuro-Oncology, 2021
- EANO guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of diffuse gliomas of adulthood (Weller M et al. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021;18(3):170-186)European Association of Neuro-Oncology, 2021
- EANO-ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with brain metastasis from solid tumours (Le Rhun E et al. Ann Oncol 2021;32(11):1332-1347)EANO and ESMO, 2021
- EANO guideline on the diagnosis and management of meningiomas (Goldbrunner R et al. Neuro Oncol 2021;23(11):1821-1834)European Association of Neuro-Oncology, 2021
- Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma (Stupp R et al. N Engl J Med 2005;352:987-996)New England Journal of Medicine, 2005
- SNO and EANO practice guideline update: anticonvulsant prophylaxis in patients with newly diagnosed brain tumors (Walbert T et al. Neuro Oncol 2021;23(11):1835-1844)Society for Neuro-Oncology and European Association of Neuro-Oncology, 2021
- Vorasidenib in IDH1- or IDH2-mutant low-grade glioma (INDIGO; Mellinghoff IK et al. N Engl J Med 2023;389:589-601)New England Journal of Medicine, 2023
- Vorasidenib (Voranigo): PBS medicine statusAU/NZPharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, Listed 1 August 2026 (page updated 23 October 2026)
- Last updated
- 14 November 2026
What changed
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