Multiple sclerosis
Typical attacks and red flags, the 2024 McDonald criteria, mimics such as NMOSD and MOGAD, relapse treatment, and choosing and monitoring disease-modifying therapy.
Tier 1Condition
Written with AI assistance and fact-checked against the sources below. For exam study, not clinical decisions. How notes are made
At a glance
- Immune-mediated demyelination and neurodegeneration of the CNS. Onset usually at 20 to 40, women about 3:1.
- Presents with attacks (optic neuritis, partial myelitis, brainstem syndromes) or, in about 10 to 15%, with steady progression from the start.
- Diagnose with the 2024 McDonald criteria: typical clinical picture, MRI lesions disseminated in space, and supporting evidence. Exclude mimics first.
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Sources
- Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2024 revisions of the McDonald criteriaMontalban X et al., Lancet Neurology 2025;24(10):850-865, 2024 (published 2025)
- MS Australia clinical and treatment informationAU/NZMS Australia, 2026
- Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme: ublituximab (Briumvi) listing for relapsing remitting MSAU/NZAustralian Government Department of Health (PBS), January 2026
- Therapeutic Guidelines: Neurology (multiple sclerosis)AU/NZTherapeutic Guidelines Limited
- Assessing Fitness to Drive (AP-G56), Neurological conditionsAU/NZAustroads and National Transport Commission, 2022
- Last updated
- 14 November 2026
What changed
- 14 November 2026 Deploy to Cloudflare on push to main