Type 1 diabetes mellitus and its complications
Diagnosing type 1 diabetes in adults, staging and teplizumab, insulin regimens and technology, glycaemic targets, complication screening, pregnancy and Australian access to CGM and pumps.
Tier 1Condition
Written with AI assistance and fact-checked against the sources below. For exam study, not clinical decisions. How notes are made
At a glance
- Autoimmune destruction of beta cells leading to absolute insulin deficiency. Lifelong insulin is needed.
- More than half of new cases are diagnosed in adults, where it is often mistaken for type 2 diabetes.
- Treatment is physiological insulin replacement (multiple daily injections or a pump), increasingly with CGM and automated insulin delivery.
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Sources
- Insulin Pump Program (IPP): eligibility and administrationAU/NZDiabetes Australia, 2026
- Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026American Diabetes Association (Diabetes Care 2026;49 Suppl 1), 2026
- The management of type 1 diabetes in adults. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of DiabetesADA and EASD (Holt et al., Diabetes Care 2021;44:2589-625), 2021
- The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DCCT)DCCT Research Group, N Engl J Med 1993;329:977-86, 1993
- An anti-CD3 antibody, teplizumab, in relatives at risk for type 1 diabetesHerold et al., N Engl J Med 2019;381:603-13, 2019
- Continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes (CONCEPTT): a multicentre international randomised controlled trialFeig et al., Lancet 2017;390:2347-59, 2017
- Diabetes (Therapeutic Guidelines)AU/NZTherapeutic Guidelines Ltd
- National Diabetes Services Scheme (CGM access for people with type 1 diabetes)AU/NZDiabetes Australia and Australian Government Department of Health
- Assessing fitness to drive for commercial and private vehicle drivers (diabetes mellitus chapter)AU/NZAustroads and National Transport Commission
- Last updated
- 14 November 2026
What changed
- 14 November 2026 Personal emails, About story and Australian-style copy